Critical response - Of mice and men Essay Example for Free

Critical response Of mice and men Essay Within The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck the reader is presented with a selection of sad, lonely individuals who have no families. As soon as the novel starts, the author creates a picture of the surroundings in the readers mind the river drops in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green this gives the reader a feeling of peace at mind. The reader is then presented with George, a small man with strong features, and Lennie, a gentle person who enjoys who enjoys the company of a pet. In the novel Lennie continuously gets the pair into all sorts of trouble and by the end of the novel George has no choice but to shoot Lennie, due to the fact that he murdered an innocent woman, who happened to be Curleys wife, the bosss son. It soon becomes apparent that the theme of loneliness is illustrated through characterization between the main characters. The first character we are introduced to is Lennie. Lennies character is illustrated by his mental immaturity. Blubberin like a baby? Jesus Christ a big guy like you! The reader first sees that Lennies loneliness and need for companionship during his journey to the ranch. What you want of a dead mouse? , to which Lennie responds maybe I could pet it with my thumb while we walked along. Lennie wants to carry a dead mouse round as a constant companion. This shows how desperate he is to feel loved and to have a friend. One of the characters that illustrates loneliness is a man named Crooks. Crooks is a colored man s been isolated from the rest of the ranch due to the fact that he is a nigger. The reader feels sympathy for crooks because he has his own shelter and has no friends. As soon as a white man enters his shelter, Crooks initial reaction is to tell them to get lost I dont want to know. This again shows the reader that Crooks is a lonely individual. Another character that emphasizes the theme of loneliness is Curleys wife. To the readers surprise, the author never gives Curleys wife a name. This reinforces the fact that Curleys wife is there to look after Curley and that she is not important to anybody else but himself. It also shows that the other ranchers are not used to talking to other woman. Curleys Wife is generally considered to be a tramp by the men at the ranch and shamelessly uses sex to intimidate the workers. She married Curley so she could leave home and be spoilt with gifts and do whatever she wanted. However it is obvious that this did not happen and she hates her husband. . She still holds some hope of a better life, by claiming that she had the chance to become a movie star in Hollywood. Another interesting character is Candy, an old man who only has a dog to keep him company. Candy is the oldest out of all the other ranchers, who has only one hand because he lost the other hand in an accident on the ranch. Candy is a frail person because he has had to work on the ranch for so long because he has no friends. There comes a sad point in the novel when candys dog is shot because he is giving off a bad odour. This shows the readers that the ranchers dont care for anyone else but themselves and that they have a short temper. This incident seems to put Candy down more because he now has no companion. In addition to this, Candy feared that he was going to be on the ranch until he died. This image is reinforced when he ws caught ease dropping on George and Lennie I didnt here nothin you guys was saying. I was just standing in the shade scratching my dog. Although the novel is filled with men trying to earn money so that they can fulfill their dreams, it is obvious that the main theme of the novel is loneliness. This is illustrated through the sad, traumatic, lonely characters that work on the ranch. The entire novel is devoted to reinforcing the main theme, loneliness, and therefore creating sympathy for the characters on the ranch.

Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay

Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay This project is aimed at analysing and designing a solenoid operated piston pump which is capable of delivering solution (this report assumes water) at a flow rate of 1 litre/min. However, the customer usage requires the flow rate to remain between 0.9 and 1.1 litre/min at an ambient pressure of about 1 bar. The operation mode of the piston pump is described below using the diagram: OscillPistonPump Fig 1.1 Solenoid Operated Piston Pump1 The solenoid coil (4) generates an electromagnetic field by the single wave diode rectified current flowing through the coil. Each current pulse moves the piston (5) against the pressure spring (3). This movement reduces the volume in the suction chamber causing an increase in pressure (P a 1/V), which opens the valve (6) in the piston, thereby allowing the liquid to run into the pressure side. When the current acting on the solenoid pulse is off, the pressure spring pushes back the piston toward the pressure side. The increase of pressure caused by the piston movement closes the piston valve (6) and the liquid flows through the valve (7) set in the pressure connection (8) and into the pressure pipe. The piston movement also simultaneously increases the volume in the suction chamber, thereby reducing the pressure below the chamber. The low pressure in the suction chamber opens the valve (2) set in the suction connection (1), and the liquid is sucked into the pump and the cycle starts again. The piston size and the length of its displacement define the flow rate. The pump will run without damage when the liquid flow is stopped momentarily1. This design concentrated on the piston, suction chamber and pressure springs design. Although references were made to the valves and solenoid force, engineering analysis were not carried out on them. CHAPTER 2 INITIAL ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS This section considered the engineering analysis of the operation of the piston pump to achieve the require specifications. The given specifications are; Flow rate Q = 1 Lit/min Frequency F = 60 cycles/sec Ambient Pressure = 1 bar Using the above specifications, the length of stroke of the piston, which is also termed as the â€Å"Swept Volume†, can be calculated using the relation below: Q = Volumetime=Volume Ãâ€"frequency = Ï€ d2 L4 Ãâ€"f ∠´L= 4QÏ€d2f Where: Q = Flow Rate =1 lit/min= 1.667 Ãâ€"104 mm3/sec f = Frequency (cycles/sec) L = Length of stroke/Swept volume (mm) d = Diameter of piston/suction chamber (mm) The diameter was varied from 1 to 20 mm and the corresponding lengths of stroke were obtained at different frequencies of 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 cycles/sec. The results obtained were plotted (See appendix 1). After careful look, the frequency at 40 cycle/sec, so subsequent calculations would be based on this. It was also noticed that reasonable pair of dimensions of the diameter and length occurred around the diameters 5-10mm, therefore subsequent calculations were based on this range. 2.1 LOAD ANALYSIS The load analysis was carried out on each component designed as indicated below: A. Piston: The load analysis on the piston was done by isolating the piston and analysing the forces acting it. The different forces acting on the piston are as shown below: Force on piston causing acceleration Magnetic force from solenoid coil Resultant spring force Kinematic frictional force Gravitational force Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that atomic, initial static frictional force and temperature effects are negligible. The force analyses were carried out considering three different cases under which the pump operation can undergo. The intake and ejection strokes were also analysed separately to reduce complications. The difference between the intake and ejection stroke is that, the magnetic force from the solenoid is zero during ejection, because the solenoid is off: Case I: This is when the piston pump is used horizontally, that is, it is used to pump fluid on the same datum. This means that the gravitational effect and the height difference in the hydraulic force will be zero. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Case II: This considered the case when the pump is used to transfer fluid from a higher level to a lower level. This means that the gravitational effect will favour the direction of flow therefore reducing the force needed to drive the piston. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Case III: This considered the case when the piston pump is used to deliver fluid from a lower level to a higher level. The difference between this case and case II is in the gravitational effect and the datum difference in the hydraulic effect. The design load analysis was done under this circumstance because pumps are usually used for this particular purpose. Even with this design concept, the pump can still be used for other cases, but it might deliver fluid at a higher flow rate, which could still be in the boundaries of the given tolerance of the flow rate. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force. The different forces were calculated as follows using the free body diagram of the piston shown below: Figure 2.1 Boundary conditions of intake and ejection strokes Force from solenoid coil= Fs Force on piston causing motion = Mpa Where Mp = mass of piston kg and a = acceleration of piston (mm/s2) Mp= Ï  Ãâ€"V Ï  = Density of material (Stainless steel) =8Ãâ€"10-6 (kg/mm3) V=Volume of fluid displced in one stroke mm3= Q Ãâ€"t= Qf where f=45 cycles/sec=90 strokes/sec (2 strokes=1 cycle) Mp= Ï  Ãâ€" Qf=8Ãâ€"10-6 Ãâ€" 1.667 Ãâ€"10490=1.482Ãâ€"10-3 From law of motion; v2= u2+ 2aS u = 0 ∠´a=v22S Also v= St= S Ãâ€"f v=Velocity (mm/s) and S= L=Length of stroke (mm) ∠´a=L Ãâ€"f22L= L Ãâ€" f22= L Ãâ€" 9022 The length was varied from 5 to 10 mm, and different accelerations were obtained (See appendix 2). Resultant spring force = K2∆x- K1∆x= ∆xK2- K1= ∆x∆K Where K1 and K2=Stiffness of springs 1 and 2 respectively (N/mm) ∆x=L=Stoke length (mm) Kinematic frictional force = ÃŽ ¼kÃâ€"N= ÃŽ ¼kÃâ€"Mpg Where ÃŽ ¼k=Coefficient of kinematic friction N=Normal force= Mpg g=acceleration due to gravity=9810 mm/s2 Gravitational force = Mpg Hydraulic force = Total Change in Pressure ∆P (N/mm2)Surface Area of Piston A (mm2) From Bernoulllis equation   P1Ï g+ V122g+ Z1= P2Ï g+ V222g+ Z2 ∆P= P1-P2=Ï V22-V122+ ∆ZÏ g Q= A1V1= A2V2 ,   then V2= QA2= A1V1A2 and V1= QA1 ∆P= Ï A1V1A22-V122+ ∆ZÏ g= V12Ï 2 A1A22- 1+ ∆ZÏ g ∆P= Ï  Q22A12A1A22- 1+ ∆ZÏ g Where Q= Flow rate (mm3/s) , Ï  =density of water =1Ãâ€"10-6 (kg/mm3) A1and A2=Area mm2   and V1 and V2=Velocity (m/s) ∆Z=L=Length of Stroke mm Including the discharge coefficient C = 0.98 to account for viscous effect, ∆P therefore becomes: ∆P= Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g ∠´ Hydraulic force = Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gSurface Area of Piston A mm2 = Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1 The forces were algebraically added according the ejection stroke equation developed above (case III) to obtain ?K at different diameter of pistons, fixing inner diameter of Piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 3). Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force. Mpa= L ∆K- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1- ÃŽ ¼kMpg- Mpg ∆K= 1LMpa+ ÃŽ ¼kg+g+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1 The hydraulic effect is due to the fluid forced out from the suction chamber into the outlet. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston and the outlet, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. Also the outlet diameter was assumed to be equal to the inner diameter of the piston. The results obtained for difference in stiffness ?K above, were used to obtain the force from solenoid coil Fs using the injection stroke equation above. Also different diameter of piston were used while varying the inner diameter of piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 4). Considering the intake stroke equation for case III: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Mpa= Fs-L∆K- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA1- ÃŽ ¼kMpg+ Mpg Fs= Mpa+ ÃŽ ¼kg-g+L∆K+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 The hydraulic effect is due to the change in pressure as the fluid passes through the piston, because of the reduction in area. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston outer and inner diameter, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. B. Pressure Springs: The load analysis of the spring was also done by isolating the spring and analysing the forces acting it. Considering the ejection stroke of upper spring (spring 1), the different forces acting on the spring are as shown below: Force on piston causing acceleration Spring force Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that the frictional force on spring is negligible because the surface area contacting the wall is small. Force causing motion = Spring force + Resultant hydraulic force Mpa= LÃâ€"K1+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 K1=1LMpa- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 ∠´K2=K1+∆K Where Force on springs Fsk=KÃâ€"Length of stroke The values of stiffness of springs 1 and 2 were calculated using the relationships above at different outer and inner diameters of the piston. The graphs were plotted to see the variations (See appendix 5 and 6). C. Inlet Valve and Spring: Considering also the inlet valves and analysing the forces acting it, the injection stroke is caused by an increase in volume of the suction chamber, causing a corresponding decrease in pressure. Therefore the different forces acting on the inlet valve are given below: Inlet spring force at compression Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that the frictional force and gravitational force on the valve is negligible because the valve is light. Resultant Pressure Change= ?P From Gas Law: P1V1= P2V2 P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures of both the inlet and suction chamber respectively (N/mm2). The initial pressure P1 is assumed to be equal to the external pressure which is given to be equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa = 1 bar = 0.1 N/mm2. That is why fluid is not flowing because there is no pressure difference, or P1 was higher than Pa P2= P1V1V2= PaV1V2 where V2=V1+Vs and Vs=Swept Volume per stoke Vs=Flow rateFrequency in stroke/sec=1.667Ãâ€"10490 =185.22 mm2/stroke P2= P1V1V1+Vs ∆P1=Change in pressure due to swept volume= Pa-P2 ∆P1=Pa-PaV1V1+Vs=Pa V1+Vs-PaV1 V1+Vs=PaV1-PaV1+PaVsV1+Vs=PaVsV1+Vs Where V1 = VT and it is the total volume of the inlet spring area, suction chamber and the inner space of the piston. ∆P2=Pressure Change due to area changes ∆P2=Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g The above pressure change is the sum of the pressure changes from the inlet through suction chamber and into pistons inner diameter. This is negligible because the pressure drops as it enters the suction chamber and increases as it enters the inner diameter of piston, thereby almost cancelling out. ∆P=∆P1=PaVsVT+Vs Hydraulic force=spring force at compression ∆P1A3=PaVsA3VT+Vs= K3x3 PaVs=K3x3A3VT+ K3x3A3Vs VT=PaVs- K3x3A3VsK3x3A3 Where A3=Inlet area mm2, K3=Inlet Spring Stiffness (N/mm) and x3=Spring movement=Valve lifting mm The values the total internal volume VT was obtained at different values of the diameter of the inlet D3 (corresponding to A3). The value of the spring force K3x3 was varied from 0.01 to 0.05 N and the variations were plotted to see an appropriate one (See appendix 7). 2.2 Component Design and Selection The component design has been carried out along with the load analysis shown above. The desired dimensions for different components were then selected after a careful study and analysis of the graphs plotted. The dimensions were selected based on those that satisfy the required specifications, reasonably able to be manufactured and can be selected from the manufacturers catalogue as in the case of the springs2. Below are the component dimensions: Solenoid: Solenoid Frequency: 45cycles/sec = 90 strokes/sec Force from solenoid coil: 108.8N Length of stroke: 7.367 mm Piston: Piston outer diameter: 8 mm Piston inner diameter: 2 mm Springs: Pressure spring 1 rate = 5.771 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 5.771 * 7.367 = 42.515 N Pressure spring 2 rate = 14.683 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 14.683 * 7.367 = 108.17 N From the above calculations and estimated values of the spring rates, the most accurate spring chosen from the compression spring catalogue are (see appendix 8 and 9): Spring 1: C6609150 Wire diameter: 1.02 mm Outer Diameter: 7.62 mm Free length: 15.88 mm Rate: 5.81 N/mm Spring 2: D22110 Wire diameter: 1.25 mm Outer Diameter: 7.55mm Free length: 17mm Rate: 15.03 N/mm Inlet: Inlet spring stiffness = 0.02 N/mm Inlet spring length = 9.804 mm Inlet diameter = 1.78 mm 2.3 Stress Analysis The stress analysis was carried out on just two components as shown below. This was because these are the two components whose failure affects the pump operation most. A. Piston: The two stresses acting on the piston are normal and shear stresses which is given as. Stress (N/mm2) sij= Force (N)Area (mm2) The notation is to differentiate between the direction and plane of action, where the first digit represents the plane of action and the second digit represents the direction of force. When the notations are different, it signifies shear stress and when the notations are the same it means normal stress. The force on the piston varies as the piston goes through the cycle, therefore the different forces and principal stresses were calculated as the spring compresses and stretches. This was shown in appendix 10 and 11, but the calculations of the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the springs peak are shown below. The principal stresses were calculated because they are the cause of fracture in a component3. Considering the piston and spring 1: Fig 2.2: Stresses acting on piston from spring 1 and wall3 s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction s12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8pÃâ€"8Ãâ€"15=0.2886 N/mm2 Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm) s22= Force from spring 1Outer Area-Inner Area= K1Lp4 Do2- Di2 s22=5.771 Ãâ€"7.367p4 82- 22= 42.51547.1239=0.9022 N/mm2 s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction Considering the piston and spring 2: s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction s12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8pÃâ€"8Ãâ€"15=0.2886 N/mm2 Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm) s22= Force from spring 2Outer Area-Inner Area= K2Lp4 Do2- Di2 s22=14.638 Ãâ€"7.367p4 82- 22= 107.838147.1239=2.2884 N/mm2 s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction The total principal stress which is the usual cause of fracture was calculated using the total normal stresses from the springs and the shear stress from solenoid. Total shear stresses: Ts12=s12 from Spring 1+ s12 from Sprig 2=0.2886+0.2886= 0.5772 Total normal stresses: Ts22=s22 from Spring 1+ s22 from Sprig 2=0.9022+2.2954= 3.1976 Therefore the principal stresses: s11s22- s(s11+s22)+s2-s122=0 0Ãâ€"3.1976- s(0+3.1976)+s2-0.57722=0 s2-3.1976s-0.3331=0 Principal stresses; smin=-0.101 N/mm2, smax=3.2986 N/mm2 B. Pressure Springs: The major stress acting on the spring is shear stress acting on the coils. The force and consequentially the shear stress on the springs vary as the piston deflection (i.e. length of stroke) increases and decreases. The various forces and shear stresses were calculated and the graph plotted (see appendix 12). But the calculation of the maximum shear stress, which occurs at the full deflection is shown below4: Fig 2.4: Force acting on spring4 Shear stress tmax= 8FDWpd3 Where F=Force on spring N D=Mean outer diameter of spring mm d=diameter of spring coil mm W = Wahl Correction Factor which accounts for shear stress resulting from the springs curvature W=4C-14C-4+0.615C C=Dd Considering Spring 1 Fmax= K1Ãâ€"Length of stroke=5.771Ãâ€"7.367=42.515 N/mm2 D=7.62 mm and d=1.02 mm ?C=Dd= 7.621.02=7.4705 W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 4Ãâ€"7.4705-14Ãâ€"7.4705-4+0.6157.4705=1.1982 tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8Ãâ€"42.515 Ãâ€"7.62Ãâ€"1.1982pÃâ€"1.023=931.113 N/mm2 Considering Spring 2 Fmax= K1Ãâ€"Length of stroke=14.638Ãâ€"7.367=108.17 N/mm2 D=7.55 mm and d=1.25 mm ?C=Dd= 7.551.25=6.04 W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 4Ãâ€"6.04-14Ãâ€"6.04-4+0.6156.04=1.2506 tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8Ãâ€"108.17 Ãâ€"7.55Ãâ€"1.2506pÃâ€"1.253=1331.119 N/mm2 CHAPTER 3 INITIAL MANUFACTURING DESIGN ANALYSIS 3.1 Dimensions The dimensions of all the main components; piston, springs, cylinder and valves had been obtained from the calculations and graphical analysis made above. However, the detailed dimensions of all components namely; pump body (left and right side), cylinder and liners, piston, springs and valves are shown in the CAD drawing in appendix 13. 3.2 Tolerances Tolerance for Stroke Length The statistical tolerance of the stoke length was calculated using integral method, which is much more effective than an additional tolerance. Given the tolerance of the flow rate as  ± 0.1litres/min, the tolerance of the frequency was assumed to be  ± 5 cycles/sec under normal distribution condition. The tolerance of the stroke length was calculated as follows: Standard deviation s=Tolerance3 Ãâ€"Cp where Cp=process capability index In general manufacturing industry, a process capability index (Cp) of 1.33is considered acceptable. Therefore Cp Flow rateQ=1  ±0.1 lit/min= 1.667 Ãâ€"104  ±1.667 Ãâ€"103mm3/sec   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÏÆ'Q=3.33 Ãâ€"1033 Ãâ€"1.33=8.356 Ãâ€"102 Frequency F= 45  ±5 cycles/sec (Assuming a Normal distributed variable)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÏÆ'f=103 Ãâ€"1.33=2.506 Therefore the flow rate and frequency could be written as; Q ~ N 1.667 Ãâ€"104 , 8.356 Ãâ€"102 mm3/sec f ~ N 45 , 2.506 cycles/sec Q = Volumetime=Volume Ãâ€"frequency = Ï€ d2 L4 Ãâ€"f ∠´L= 4QÏ€d2f Using differential tolerance: ÏÆ'∅2= i=1n∂∅∂xi2 ÏÆ'xi2 ÏÆ'L2= ∂L∂Q2ÏÆ'Q2+ ∂L∂f2ÏÆ'f2+ ∂L∂d22ÏÆ'd2 ÏÆ'L2= 4Ï€ 1ÃŽ ¼d2 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f2ÏÆ'Q2+ ÃŽ ¼QÃŽ ¼d2 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f22ÏÆ'f2+ ÃŽ ¼QÃŽ ¼d3 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f2ÏÆ'd2 Ãâ€"2 ∠´Tolerance=ÏÆ'3 Ãâ€"Cp The standard deviations and tolerances of the stoke length were calculated using the above equations, while varying the diameter from 1 to 20 mm, and the results were plotted out (see appendix 14). Tolerance for Piston Principal Stress Assuming a normally distributed around the maximum principal stress acting on the piston, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum principal stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 11. ∠´3ÏÆ'=3.2918-0.5772=2.7146 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"2.7146=3.6104 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=3.61042= ± 1.8052 N/mm2 Tolerance for Springs Shear Stress Also assuming a normally distributed around the maximum shear stress acting on the springs, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum shear stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 12. For spring 1: ∠´3ÏÆ'=931.113-0=931.113 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"931.113=1238.38 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=1238.382= ± 619.19 N/mm2 For spring 2: ∠´3ÏÆ'=1331.119-0=1331.119 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"1331.119=1770.39 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=1770.392= ± 885.195 N/mm2 3.3 Fits The components that are fitted into the cylinder, namely; cylinder liner, piston springs 1 and 2 are almost of equal diameter. But because of the consideration of the fits and limits to give some allowance a transition fit was chosen from â€Å"Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis†. Since it fell in between the nominal size of 0 6 mm, the transition fit selected was H700.015 for the hole and k60-0.009 for the shaft5. 3.4 Material Selection Piston and Cylinder The piston and the cylinder are to be made of stainless steel grade 431. This is due to the prevention of fracture which could be caused by principal stress. From the maximum principal stress obtained for the piston above (3.2986 N/mm2 = 3.2986 MPa), it is sure that the material which has a yield strength of 655 MPa will be able to prevent failure. Also the other reason for choosing this material is because of its high resistance to corrosion6. Since the piston and cylinder interacts with the fluid, which increases the tendency for corrosion to occur, it is quite safe to use a highly corrosion resistance material like this. It is also very easily machined in annealed condition. The properties of the stainless steel grade 431are shown in appendix 156. Springs The springs are to be made of stainless steel grade 316. This is also due to the strength of the grade in preventing fracture, breakage and buckling of the spring due to the shear stress acting on it. From the maximum shear stress calculated above (1331.119 N/mm2 = 1.331 GPa), it is sure that this grade of stainless steel with an elastic modulus of 193 GPa will be able to withstand the compression. The material is also highly corrosion resistant and relatively easy to machine. The other properties of the stainless steel grade 316 are shown in appendix 156. Valves The valves are to be made of polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, which is a thermoplastic. This was chosen because the material has to be light and can easily float. Also, it has very low coefficient of friction, which reduces the fluid drag force and wears on the piston and spring. 3.5 Surface Finish The surface finishing chosen for the manufacturing of the parts was to be 0.8  µm Ra. This is to reduce friction and rate of wear, because there are lots of parts moving against each other. The grinding process requires a very great accuracy because it is a relatively delicate manufacturing process. 3.6 Geometric Tolerance In obtaining the tolerance of the components, since algebraic addition of tolerances is very unrealistic and will not be efficient, the tolerances of components that fit into each other were taken from the â€Å"Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis†5. These are show below S/No Parts Dimensions (mm) Tolerances (mm) Drawings 1 Cylinder 11.00 + 0.015 2 Cylinder liner 8.00 0.009 3 Piston 2.00 0.006 4 Spring 1 17.00  ± 0.0015 3.7 Process Selection The manufacturing processes of the various parts of the pump will be very important aspects of the design.The parts to be manufactured are pump body, cylinder liners and piston. It will take a great deal of accuracy in carrying out the process, because the geometry of the parts is very delicate. Any wrong dimension will affect the output or operation of the pump. There are three steps in manufacturing the components mentioned above. Firstly, all the components would be manufactured by casting, which would probably not give the accurate dimensions. Then a turning/boring process can then be carried out, using a CNC or lathe machines, to achieve better dimension. The last process is the surface finish, which gives a smoother and precise dimension. It is relatively easier to manufacture the components by this method because of the intricacies of the geometry and dimensions, and also the materials chosen are easily machined. The manufacturing process of the springs would not be considered in this report because they are provided by suppliers. CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OPTIMISATION 4.1 Component Manufacturing Risk Assessment Component Name Pump Body (Left Right Side) Calculation of qm Drawing number 001 mp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.6 gp = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1.1 Ãâ€" 1.1 = 2.057 Ajustable tol= Design tolmpÃâ€"gp = + 0.0151.6 Ãâ€"2.057=+0.00455 tp = 1.7Ãâ€"1 = 1.7 sp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.3 = 1.3 qm = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1.3 = 2.21 Manufacturing variability risk, qm = 2.21 Material 431 Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process Turning/Boring Characteristic Description Holes at centre to edge Characteristic Dimension 8 mm Design Tolerance + 0.015 Surface Roughness 0.8 µm Ra Component Name Piston Calculation of qm Drawing number 005 mp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.6 gp = 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1.1 = 1.1 Ajustable tol= Design tolmpÃâ€"gp = 0.0061.6 Ãâ€"1.1=0.0034 tp = 1.7Ãâ€"1 = 1.7 sp = 1 Ãâ€" 1 = 1 qm = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1 = 1.7 Manufacturing variability risk, qm =1.7 Material 431 Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process Turning/Boring Characteristic Description Holes at centre to edge Characteristic Dimension 2 mm Design Tolerance 0.002, -0.008 Surface Roughness 0.8 µm Ra  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The values of the component manufacturing risk analysis obtained above are considerably with a low risk. This shows that the processes chosen for the manufacturing of the components are acceptable. 4.2 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is an analytical technique performed to ensure that all possible failure modes of the piston pump have being identified and address. Below are the predicted failure modes of each components of the piston pump, the caused, effects and the suggested solutions: It can be seen from the FMEA above that the spring breakage has the greatest severity, but the wear on all the components has the greatest risk priority number. This is because wear would be experience by the customer over time of use which made the risk priority number very high. Therefore, while desig

Coaching And Mentoring Has Been In Society Management Essay

Coaching And Mentoring Has Been In Society Management Essay Coaching and mentoring has been in society for thousands of years in some form or another. Coaching has been likened with counselling and therapy as a large number of therapists have retrained to become coaches. In the last century it became ever more popular with an emphasis on life coaching, academic coaching, managerial coaching and sports coaching. Anybody can call themselves a coach or mentor and because there is a lack of regulation and accreditation the consequence is problems with adherence and accountability and no way of actually measuring its effectiveness. In the last 20 years industry and business have bought into the coaching and mentoring framework. A survey by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2011) shows coaching and mentoring to be an increasing activity to improving performance and employee engagement. Because of this the coach has a responsibility for imparting knowledge, through technical ability and skill altogether ensuring the protà ©gà ©s personal and professional development. There are subtle differences between coaching and mentoring, but academics would argue coaching is an element of mentoring (Clutterbuck and Lane 2004). However there is still much confusion and Ives (2010) argued that the reason for confusion is the lack of formal definition. Another way of viewing this is with Hawkins and Smith (2007, p39) who in comparison argue that multiple definitions can delineate the territory mentoring might cover. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development survey goes on to state that it is also confusing because of reluctance by industry to conduct formal evaluation on their programmes and what will its value be within businesses. There are numerous definitions for coaching and mentoring. Bax, Negrutiu, and Calota (2011 p323) stipulates the role of a coach as helping, showing, giving feedback, explaining and encouraging. Along with Linder-Pelz and Hall (2008, p43) who state coaching is about, facilitating a clients performance, experience, learning and growth. The International Coaching Federation (2011, p1) describes a coach as, providing objective assessment and observations that foster the individuals enhanced self-awareness. Mentoring has been defined as a relationship between two people with learning and development as its purpose, (Megginson and Garvey 2004, p2) (cited in Brockbank and McGill 2006). The most striking correlation between the definitions is the phrase learning, which best describes an essential part to the relationship that makes coaching and mentoring distinctive. As opposed to Wallace and Gravells (2009 p10) who offer another alternative for mentoring as a long term commitment and a more gradual process than coaching. It is therefore acknowledged that during coaching or mentoring some form of learning will occur. Hence this would indicate the coach or mentor need to have a level of competence, experience and training technique. The European Mentoring and Coaching Council have identified their core competences within their code of ethics and Clutterbuck and Lane (2004) attempted to identify common attributes. Subsequently other governing bodies such as the association of coaching, the association of professional executive coaching the international coach federation have defined their own versions further adding to the confusion. At the same time the research conducted by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development survey (2011), and The Institute of Leadership and Management Creating a coaching culture Report. (2011) emphasise coaching enablers within business need to be mindful of all the schemes and styles in order to finding the best strategic model. For this reason as with most interventions there needs to be a guide to aiding behavioural modification, these are the building blocks of the various concepts and models. The GROW Model (Goal, Reality, Options, Will) is the best known model for coaching. This model is a goal orientated model which is simplistic, easy to understand and use. It has been extensively described by many authors including Whitmore (1992, 2003, 2009), Downey (2003), Clutterbuck, and Megginson (2005). They imply the model can be utilised by anyone without specialist training, but is lacking a self-reflection process. The Chiumento research report: Coaching Counts (2007) highlights the trend of organisations using coaching models. The GROW model being the preferred choice. According to the literature the model allows for the coach and coachee relationship to be developed and the individual to develop and manage their goals. However it is used predominantly for a short term and to correct a business issue, improve individual performance, facilitate the learning of new skills, to prepare an individual for promotion or change. Mostly case studies give examples of how the model is applied. Therefore analysis is difficult. Further coaching models are the framework to facilitate this change within an individual. The coach by definition is the architect of the process and not just an instructor. Coaching models are the tool kit for a coach to develop the coaching relationship with a coachee. However, as with all tool kits a coach can collect a vast array of tools, but never develop the competence to use them. Connor, M. Pokora, J. (2007 p12) states when a model is used it, provides a map for the journey, for both client and coach. That journey is never linear and it is easy to get lost along the way so there must be a process to change direction. To better define best practice the European Mentoring and Coaching Council produced a code of ethics (2008). This was an attempt to standardise the terminology, competence, integrity, professionalism and structure. Unfortunately this is only one governing bodys package. Hawkins and Smith (2007) first presented their model of coaching in the early 80s. They later developed the model which focused on the coach and coachee relationship from the outset. In particular, enabling the setting of clear ground rules when negotiating the contract. The CLEAR Model (Contracting, Listening, Exploring, Action, Review) was very similar to the GROW model although not as restricted and does allow a level of flexibility. There is greater emphasis on the feedback loop for the coach and coachee. Because of the exclusiveness of literature, only slight reference is made to similar areas of study. It is evident that this model has had an influence on further coaching models. Spece and Oades (2011 p38) note that many of the coaching surveys and reviews, impacts an array of psychological characteristics and processes. They also observe that much of the literature, when speaking of coaching, raise the concern to using cognitive behavioural coaching, motivational interviewing and emotional intelligence. McMahon (2007) was a co-founder of the cognitive behavioural coaching model. Her model focussed on a non-directive form of questioning which enabled an individual to become self-aware of their emotions. This model has been extensively theorised and researched with the vast majority being empirical. Unfortunately, it is only designed to be used over a short period of time, but enabled only a competent practitioner to develop an individual into identifying problem solving goals. Nonetheless this did address personal issues but it did not take into account the requirements of the establishments objectives. There is additionally widespread consensus of opinion and ideas as to what coaching and mentoring is or what makes a good coach. The Institute of Leadership and Management Creating a coaching culture Report (2011) examined the link between who conducts the coaching and what is coaching best practice. See figure 1 below. They found that although line managers are the preferred choice, they do not necessarily make the best coaches as this will prevent the success of the intervention provided. Unfortunately the majority of their research to date uses only a small numbers of participants and makes analysis challenging. Figure 1 Who undertakes coaching? Figure taken from the Institute of Leadership Management Creating a coaching culture Report May 2011 The average manager/coach, in order to be successful, requires some form of intelligence, knowledge that they must communicate well, understand their subordinates or peers and conduct themselves appropriately. These skills are not just inherited but must be nurtured over time. Emotional intelligence, as it is referred to, requires the manager to have empathy, commitment, initiative and self-awareness. To know yourself emotionally enables an individual to adjust their behaviour towards others. Sterrett (2006) attempts to introduce this concept to those who are engaged in coaching and mentoring. Wall (2006, p68) refers to a key aspects of a coach or mentor as being emotional Intelligent which, refers to a variety of personal and interpersonal competencies that have huge impact on a persons success. Indeed coaching must now include this element as it can allow the coach to engage at a personal level and guide the coachee to set their goals linked to their own personal values. As a resul t the coachee is more likely to buy in and pursue this relationship if the change matters to them. With all positives there can be a negative as Alexander (2011) alternatively offers another aspect to the use of emotional intelligence. She argues when emotional intelligence is used it can also give an individual the intellectual advantage and can be used to control, manipulate and intimidate. However the article uses emotive language. It is lacking in impartiality and does not produce any credible evidence. The consequence is she has a tendency to over emphasise the negative part. The McLeod and Thomas (2010) model of coaching, the STEPPA Model (Subject, Target objective, Emotion, Perception, Plan, Pace, Act/Amend), is relatively new and offers a more finite element than other models. The basis of the model is to concentrate on the individuals emotions and actions are elicited through them. These are more elaborate in details and interpretation. However it is lacking the flexibility a novice coach needs. The literature leans towards the opinions and assumptions of the creators and is not based on any data taken from independent research. There is also a lack of empirical evidence to indicate the value of its use. In fact the literature showed there was a variation of important aspects to coaching and mentoring. First, the type of coaching conversation, which begins with establishing the relationship between coach and coachee. This was fabricated using the code of ethics. Secondly setting the contract which must contain all the agreed parameters. Thirdly the formulation and setting of goals and obtaining a by in from the coachee and lastly using feedback to make adjustments. Unfortunately the models are limited by their creators and because of this a level of flexibility is removed. It is impossible to suggest that there is a perfect model to use as it would be easier to fit a model in a specific circumstance. All models emphasised the fact that individuals must recognise their own potential, take ownership of their individual goals and aims and review them periodically. The importance of questioning and self-reflection is paramount. The models do however, provide a basic structure for the coach to work with. All have a level of simplicity and some allow a level of flexibility and are all intended to make the coachee take action. There are limitations, and if the coach does not take care, can overlook the basic principles required in coaching interventions. Egan 2002 (cited in Connor and Pakora 2007) states, the model is for the client, in short the coach should not get hooked into constantly checking where they are in the process rather than moving in the direction the coachee wants. Coaching is rapidly expanding into multiple disciplines and applications but despite abundant rigid literature, research into coaching and mentoring is still very limited. If coaching can be claimed as an asset within industry and business alike, studies should contain a varied population with an interchangeable set of objectives. It has been shown that coaching may not have the desired effect for certain environments and that an alternate option would be a more suitable choice.

How do Pride and Prejudice Affect the Relationship between Darcy and El

How do Pride and Prejudice Affect the Relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth? Jane Austen was an English author who wrote Pride and Prejudice and many other novels. Her early writings began in 1787 and ended in 1793.Jane Austen was born on the 16th of December in 1775 at Steventon Rectory Hampshire. She lived from 1775 to 1817 and was born the seventh child in a family of eight and Jane was mostly attached to her sister Cassandra. Jane’s first novel, Sense and Sensibility began as a novel-in-letters called â€Å"Elinor and Marianne.† These letters may reflect the relationship between Jane and her sister Cassandra. It is well documented that Jane and Cassandra were extremely close as children. When they grew older the two kept in touch by writing each other letters on a daily basis. Cassandra destroyed many of letters of correspondence with Jane to protect her privacy following her death. In 1817 Jane’s recent run of good fortune came to an end. Her health grew worse as throughout the year from what we now know was Addison’s disease; she passed away on July 18 of that year. I think that Jane Austen was trying to tell the audience about human relationships and I also think that the purpose of this novel was to show the ups and downs of human relationships. The subject Human relationships is very interesting, this is because certain people relate to it in different ways. Some people may relate to it as cunning and bitterly whereas others may enjoy it and relate to it in different points of views. I also feel that Jane Austen was telling us how the lifestyles and the roles of society of the men and women in the early nineteenth century. After reading the novel and watching the film of pride and prejudice I n... ...Austen shows how several other marriages work. Some are happy, some not, and no two are alike. In a society in which marriage was so important to women- and to men- the qualities that make a marriage succeed are quite a serious matter. Jane Austen treats the subject with Comedy, but underneath the comic surface she is very serious. Notice, as you read what qualities she shows us as good and bad in a marriage. It seems that the success of a marriage in Austen's would- as perhaps in ours- depends on the characters of the married pair and the motives that brought them together in the first place. I agree with all this because it touches on themes of class, social behavior, and family relationships. It's a peek into a world that in some ways is nothing like ours, but it contains truths which seem to apply in any world. Also many people can relate to it in their own ways.

Nazi :: essays research papers fc

Sitting on an operating table, deep inside the corridors of Azchwitz concentration camp, a man is listening to the Nazi gun fire outside. He hears the innocent screams as automatic weapons mow through crowds of families deemed "unfit to live". Gradually silence falls, only to be broken again by the solitary pops of a pistol, finishing of those who did not die right off. It should be a sickening feeling for this man, he should feel anger and hate, and sadness for these newest additions to the Nazi stoves. But this man can no longer feel such sadness, such grief. Instead he feels only jealousy, jealousy for those who had died quickly, with a bullet to the brain or the heart. No doubt, considering what he's been through, and what he will go through still, he considers the others to be the lucky ones. They will not boil. They will not freeze. They will not be diseased or hacked apart. They will not have their heads explode in a pressurised chamber. They were the lucky ones, not chosen to act as guinea pigs to further science by dying a slow painful death at the hands of the most gruesome members of the Nazi party, the "Nazi Doctors". When World War two ended in 1945, over eleven thousand people had been exterminated(p4 Freidman) in the Nazis' effort to "racially purify" Germany and its' territories. It seemed tat the vast majority of these killings had taken place in concentration camps, by releasing Zyklon-B(p68 Guthman) in gas chambers disguised as showers. As the allies began holding the first war criminal trials, however, it was quickly seen that a secret, genocide far more hideous than was previously suspected, had taken place. Worse still, the killers were not radical soldiers, but respected members of the German scientificand Medical community. The German government had given the "Doctors of death" (p34, Gilbert) endless supplies of subjects to experiment on in any way they pleased. Some experiments were to benefit the army. They included high altitude tests, as well as the bodies reactions to freezing temperatures.(p2, Net) Other experiments were called for by the nazis themselves, such as tests in genetic traits, mind controlling drugs and mass sterilization.(p3-5, Net) There were medicine tests and more commonly, tests using diseases without any known cures. The most gruesome tests however, were fabricated in the twisted minds of the doctors themselves and are famous for their void of any purposes at all. The high altitude tests were experiments initiated by the nazi government and followed closely by Heinrich Himmler.(p36, Gilbert) The experiments were conducted in a low pressure chamber that could simulate flight up to 68,000 feet above sea level.

Intellectual Property Piracy

Intellectual Intellectual property is under attack by pirates. These pirates are not wearing an eye patch or sporting a peg leg, they are anybody and everybody who are selling or copying software for personal or business use. When it comes to software and online piracy, in certain countries, it is like the Wild West, there are laws that are very cut and dry but it seems like nobody follows them. On the other hand there are certain countries where it almost seems like anything goes with a lack of government regulation.The United States has very strict laws about copyright infringement. If a person is found guilty of copyright infringement in the US, it is considered a felony charge which carries a heavy fine as well as possible jail time. In December 2011, the Office of the US Trade Representative (USTR) released a list of â€Å"notorious markets,† or markets that â€Å"typify the problem of marketplaces that deal in goods and services that infringe on IPR and help to sustain global piracy and counterfeiting,† according to a USTR press release(China Urges US, 2012).Along with strict enforcement of anti-piracy laws, countries of North America, Western Europe and Australia tend to follow the Rule of Law in which society validates laws and codes. There are many associations emerging to fight technology piracy to ensure intellectual property rights. Such organization such as WTO (World Trade Organization), WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), and the WCT (World Copyright Treaty) have been created to police the piracy of intellectual property. With these organizations, intellectual piracy had seen a decline for a short amount of time.In a study in 2009, it was found that of all software found in developed countries, 80% of the software was legitimately purchased. On the other hand, it was also found that in emerging countries, about 60% of software was found to be pirated. Those emerging countries account for 45% of the global hardware marke t while they only account for less they 20% of legitimate software. Emerging countries are actually putting out more computers then legal software to put on the computers. In 2009 alone, the US lost 50 billion dollars to software piracy. It is a daunting task to police these intellectual thieves.When looking at the piracy of intellectual property globally, it seems to be a complicated task at hand to police. There are many countries that are trying to get a grasp on the problem at hand. Statistically the United States are leading the way with only 21% of its software was pirated in a 2008 report. In January 2012, the US passed the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) in the U. S. House and the Senate's Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA ) which would strengthen penalties for pirating movies, music, merchandise and books, have pitted corporate interests against each other and against free-speech advocates(Mitchell, 2012).Though one out of five computers in the US had illegal software, which is better than the 95% of software pirated in the country of Georgia. Organizations such as the WTO are helping on the forefront of against piracy by creating treaties amongst countries to in order to reduce the level of theft of IPR’s. The countries that seem to be adhering to this these treaties tend to have a higher level of individualism as well as a stronger grasp of the rule of law in compared to their counterparts. Other ways of controlling the piracy plague have been put into place.Technological security system like adding passwords and login, putting protection on the purchased software that would make it incapable of copying or burning are progressing to slow down the taking of intellectual property. Will this stop the problem completely? Most likely not, but it provides a promising future for IPR’s. In undeveloped countries across the world, piracy is running rampant with out much government enforcement. In China, it is legal to have 499 pirated DVDs i n a person’s possession. If caught with more, it’s only a fine that would be about the same as a parking ticket.With countries such as China India or Russia that have a low sense of individualism, IPR is not a pressing matter. Those are some of the greatest populated countries of the world and the problem spreads even further then them. Without stricter enforcement in such countries, there is no end to how far piracy of software will go. In Western Europe, there is the alarming fact that more computer hardware is being produced then software is being sold. These emerging countries are taking hold of counterfeiting and sophisticating the way of doing business illegally.With the internet and person to person sharing, it is getting easier and more efficient to sell and trade pirated software. Piracy is inevitable. When the people of the world have no ethical problem with breaking IPR’s, there will be no end to the problem. The majority of the people that are pirati ng do not believe they are even breaking any laws. As much as we try to control, regulate and enforce piracy, there will always be someone looking for a new way of finding an end to a means. Piracy has been compared to that of illegal drug trafficking, it is an endless war that seems to have no end in site.If your take the cultures in where the heaviest of piracy of software is taking place, it is those that are a collective society, with little regard for those IPRs of individuals. The only way that piracy will end is if the world changes and conforms to having principles that respect these creative individuals and their governments take initiative and lead the way in solving this problem. This unfortunately, may never happen, and piracy will continue to be a problem that plagues the business world.

15 Uses of the Tooth Paste that you Never Know

Beauty Uses Toothpaste contains many useful ingredients that can be soothing and healing to the skin. For this reason, you'll be able to use toothpaste to help you with the following issues: 1) Pimples. Reduce redness and the size of your pimples with a dab of toothpaste. Let it sit overnight, then rinse away in the morning for a noticeable difference. 2) Brittle fingernails. Since our nails are made of the same enamel as teeth, toothpaste can do a lot to help them.Simply give your nails a good scrub with some oothpaste for cleaner, shinier, stronger nails. You'll also get that dirt out from underneath them in no time! 3) Fly-away hair. A gel toothpaste is largely made with the same ingredients as basic hair gels, so you'll be able to substitute easily here. Just use a little dab and apply like a hair gel when needed. First Aid Uses Beyond beauty care, you'll also find helpful ways to use toothpaste in that first aid kit. Keep a small tube tucked inside your kit for these emergencies : 4) Bites, sores, and blisters.Apply toothpaste to areas of skin irritation to reduce tching, swelling, and irritation. Toothpaste will dry them up quickly and help them heal faster. 5) Burns. For minor burns with no open sores, a quick toothpaste application can give you instant relief. The cooling properties get to work right away, relieving that painful sting. In the long-term, toothpaste will keep the burn from becoming a painful, oozing blister. 6) Bruises. For large bruises that take forever to fade, use a little toothpaste and a wide-tooth comb.Apply the toothpaste and gently comb the bruise in one direction o break up the blood clotting beneath the skin. Toothpaste helps with circulation and fghts off the inflammation. Fashion Uses the average tube of toothpaste. Give these a try: 7) Jewelry cleaner. Before you pay for someone else to clean it, rub toothpaste onto your silver Jewelry and leave it overnight, the wipe it clean with a soft cloth. Give a light scrubbing to your diamonds to see them sparkle again, Just be sure to rinse thoroughly. Avoid using toothpaste on pearls. Show care.Scuffed or dirty shoes can look new again with a little toothpaste. Apply it irectly to the dull, dirty, or scuffed parts of the shoe, scrub with a brush, and wipe them clean. Ta-da! 9) Clothing stains. Tough stains will disappear with a little toothpaste and some brisk scrubbing. Squeeze it right on the stain and rub until it disappears, then wash as normal. If using whitening toothpaste, be advised that this can have a bleaching effect on some colors and fabrics. Household uses : Toothpaste can save you money around the house by helping with some very basic tasks: 10) Computer cleaner.Scrub away fingerprints from your keyboard with a white, aking soda-based toothpaste. Follow up with a damp cloth and your keys are good as new! 1 1) Iron cleaner. Take away the â€Å"crusties† from the bottom of your clothes iron with a quick toothpaste rinse. Just be sure to rem ove all the toothpaste before you start ironing again. 12) Baby bottles. To freshen up baby bottles and remove that sour-milk smell, put some toothpaste on your bottle scrubber and give them a quick wash. Always rinse them very well afterwards. 13) Piano keys.Like computer keys, piano keys get grubby with repeated use from the irt, oil, and grime on our fingertips. Use a damp cloth and some toothpaste to rub down the keys, then wipe them clean with a dry cloth. 14) Crayon stains. Undo your kids' damage to the walls with a damp cloth and some toothpaste. Rub it in gentle circles and watch the crayon fade away. 1 5) Odor removal. After cooking with â€Å"stinky† foods in the kitchen (fish, garlic, onions, etc. ), getting the smell out of the skin is a challenge. Wash your hands thoroughly with water and toothpaste for a quick and easy remedy.