NASA Cries for Money Essay -- Politics Government

In Lee Billings article, What Future for NASA, Billing discusses the foregone and present situation of the NASA program and how over fifty years of running hasnt accomplished NASA very much. In 1958 the National Aeronautics and Space Act was sign(a) allowing for NASA to be formed. This lead to a major race which caught Americas eye. The goal was to reach the Moon as quickly as possible, not to develop a haunting ability to go there. After the race was won in 1969, America lost interest. Even on NASAs 50th year anniversary, they were still unable to escape astronauts beyond low-Earth orbit.Fundings dramatically decreased and NASA is still struggling to pay for any advancements. Something must be done to insure the advancements of research for new technology. But with the want of funding there wont be anyway to do that very soon. According to Billing, NASAs 2009 budget is about $18 billion. Each year the US spends more than $ three hundred billion paying interest on the growing d ebt. On defense and homeland security the US will spend $600 billion and that does not intromit the $12 billion spent...

Social Discrimination Essay -- Sociology

During the Spring of 2012, The University of Southern Mississippis basketball police squad made their first appearance at the NCAA tournament since 1991. The team played against Kansas State University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During the second half of the indorse, Kansas State was defeating the University of Southern Mississippi, due to their freshman point guard Angel Rodriguez who contributed many points. The Wildcats were leading the game by 70-64. As Angel Rodriguez was performing a free throw, some University of Southern Mississippi prep band students chanted Wheres your green card? This hap made national news and labeled the band students of the University of Southern Mississippi as ignorant, immature, and racist. The intense of emotions towards Southern Miss chance to continue having a position in the tournament struck the band members to resort discrimination against Rodriguez by using derogatory language. There are different stances that can take place when evaluatin g an happening such as this one. The University of Southern Mississippi is located in the Southern region of the United States which has an infamous reputation for racial discrimination and division for some(prenominal) years. When this is looked at by people from other regions of the United States, they will assume that the band members were racist. Angel Rodriguez is from Puerto Rico, an island in the northeastern Carribean. The majority of Puerto Ricos population consists of Hispanics and Latinos. Puerto Rico is non a U.S. State rather it is a commonwealth of the United States of America. This gives Puerto Ricans the benefits of having a United States citizenship therefore not requiring them to have a green card to be in the United States of America. A gree... ...ed the boundary of the band students perceived territory in the United States because of his ethnic background. Southern Miss prep band has members of minority backgrounds. If the minorities besides participated in the taunting, it shows that geography and racial discrimination is instilled in all races that are citizens of the United States. Rodriguez lives and attended school in Miami, Florida and for the band to question his citizenship status shows how racial divisiveness occurs even within the close knit regions of the United States. Miami, Florida is known for a large and thriving Spanish speaking population in the United States. whole kit and boodle CitedWilliams, Melvin D. 2003. Racism The Production, Reproduction, and Obsolescence of Social Inferiority. In New directions, ed. Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

Social Discrimination Essay -- Sociology

During the Spring of 2012, The University of southerly Mississippis basketball team made their original appearance at the NCAA tournament since 1991. The team played against Kansas State University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During the second half of the game, Kansas State was defeating the University of Southern Mississippi, due to their freshman point halt Angel Rodriguez who contributed many points. The Wildcats were leading the game by 70-64. As Angel Rodriguez was performing a free throw, some University of Southern Mississippi prep roundabout students chanted Wheres your green card? This incident made national news and labeled the band students of the University of Southern Mississippi as ignorant, immature, and racist. The intense of emotions towards Southern Miss regain to continue having a position in the tournament struck the band members to resort discrimination against Rodriguez by using derogatory language. There are diverse stances that can take place when evalua ting an incident such as this one. The University of Southern Mississippi is located in the Southern region of the United States which has an infamous reputation for racial discrimination and division for several years. When this is looked at by people from other regions of the United States, they will assume that the band members were racist. Angel Rodriguez is from Puerto Rico, an island in the northeastern Carribean. The majority of Puerto Ricos population consists of Hispanics and Latinos. Puerto Rico is not a U.S. State rather it is a commonwealth of the United States of America. This gives Puerto Ricans the benefits of having a United States citizenship therefore not requiring them to view a green card to be in the United States of America. A gree... ...ed the boundary of the band students perceived territory in the United States because of his ethnic background. Southern Miss prep band has members of minority backgrounds. If the minorities also participated in the taunti ng, it shows that geography and racial discrimination is instilled in all races that are citizens of the United States. Rodriguez lives and attended school in Miami, Florida and for the band to question his citizenship status shows how racial divisiveness occurs even within the close knit regions of the United States. Miami, Florida is known for a large and thriving Spanish verbalise population in the United States. Works CitedWilliams, Melvin D. 2003. Racism The Production, Reproduction, and Obsolescence of Social Inferiority. In New directions, ed. Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.

Fair & Lovely

in newspapers or on the Web that are used by families to do suitable all(a)iances, and you will see that most potential coiffures and their families are looking for h starst brides some even are progressive e nary(prenominal)gh to invite responses from women be to a polar caste. These ads, hundreds of which appear in Indias daily newspapers, re? ect attempts to solicit individuals with the appropriate religion, caste, regional ancestry, professional and educational quali? cations, and, frequently, strip color. veritable(a) in the growing numbers of ads that announce caste no bar, the adjective fair regularly precedes professional quali? ations. In everyday conversation, the ultimate compliment on someones looks is to say someone is gora (fair). I have no problem with race inadequacying to be lighter, said a Delhi beauty living room owner, Saroj Nath. It doesnt make you racist, any more than trying to make yourself look youngisher makes you ageist. Bollywood (Indias Holly wood) glori? es conventions on beauty by always moulding a fair-skinned actress in the role of heroine, surrounded by the darkest extras. Women want to use whiteners because it is aspirational, like losing weight. Even the gods supposedly lament their dark complexion Krishna sings plaintively, Radha kyoon gori, main kyoon kala? (Why is Radha so fair when Im dark? ). A skin de? cient in melanin (the pigment that determines the skins brown color) is an ancient predilection. More than 3,500 years ago, Charaka, the illustrious sage, wrote about herbs that could help make the skin fair. Indian dermatologists maintain that luridness products crowd outnot truly work as they reach only the upper layers of the skin and so do not affect melanin production. Nevertheless, for some, upright & lovable is a miracle worker. A user gushes that The last time I went to my parents home, I got compliments on my fair skin from everyone. For others, there is only disappointment. One 26-year-old wo rking woman has been a regular user for the past eight years and to no avail. I should have turned into Snow White by now but my skin is still the same wheatish color. As an owner of a public transaction ? rm commented, My maid has been utilize Fair and attractive for years and I still cant see her in the dark . . .. But she goes on using it. Hope springs eternal, I suppose. The number of Indians who think lighter skin is more beautiful may be shrinking.Sumit Isralni, a 22-year-old hair designer in his finds salon, thinks things have changed in the last two years, at least in Indias most cosmopoli suntan cities, Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore. Women now prefer their own complexion, their ingrained way Isralni says he prefers a more Indian beauty himself I wont judge my wife on how fair her complexion is. Sunita Gupta, a beautician in the same salon, is more critical. Its just foolishness she exclaimed. The premise of the ads that women could not become airline attendants if they are dark-skinned was wrong, she said. Nowadays plenty like black beauty. It is a truism that women, especially in the tropics, desire to be a shade fairer, no matter what their skin color. Yet, unlike the advent used in India, advertisements elsewhere usually show how to use the product and how it works. Cultural Norms, Fair & Lovely, and Advertising CASE 2? 2 Fair & Lovely, a branded product of Hindustan Lever Ltd. (HLL), is touted as a cosmetic that lightens skin color. On its Web site (www. hll. com), the company calls its product the miracle worker, turn up to deliver one to three shades of change. objet dart tanning is the rage in Western countries, skin lightening treatments are popular in Asia. According to industry sources, the top-selling skin lightening skim over in India is Fair & Lovely from Hindustan Lever Ltd. (HLL), followed by CavinKares Fairever brand. HLLs Fair & Lovely brand dominated the market with a 90 percent share until CavinKare Ltd. (CKL) launche d Fairever. In just two years, the Fairever brand gained an impressive 15 percent market share. HLLs share of market for the Fair & Lovely line generates about $60 million annually. The product sells for about 23 rupees ($0. 9) for a 25-gram tube of cream. The rapid growth of CavinKares Fairever (www. cavinkare .com) brand prompted HLL to enlarge its advertising effort and to launch a series of ads depicting a fairer girl bum arounds the boy theme. One advertisement featured a ? nancially strapped father express feelings his fate, saying, If only I had a give-and-take, while his dark-skinned fille looks on, helpless and demoralized because she cant bear the ? nancial responsibility of her family. Fast-forward and plain Jane has been transformed into a gorgeous light-skinned woman through the use of a fairness cream, Fair & Lovely.Now clad in a miniskirt, the woman is a flourishing ? ight attendant and can take her father to dine at a ? ve-star hotel. Shes happy and so is he r father. In another ad, two good-natured young women are sitting in a bedroom one has a boyfriend and, consequently, is happy. The darkerskinned woman, lacking a boyfriend, is not happy. Her friends adviceUse a bar of soap to wash away the dark skin thats keeping men from ? ocking to her. HLLs series of ads provoked CavinKare Ltd. to counter with an ad that takes a dig at HLLs Fair & Lovely ad.CavinKares ad has a fatherdaughter duo as the protagonists, with the father shown encouraging the daughter to be an achiever irrespective of her complexion. CavinKare maintained that the objective of its new commercial is not to take a dig at Fair & Lovely but to reinforce Fairevers positioning. scratch color is a powerful theme in India, and much of Asia, where a lighter color represents a higher status. While Americans and Europeans ? ock to tanning salons, many crossways Asia seek ways to have fair complexions. Culturally, fair skin is associated with positive values that relate to cla ss and beauty.One Indian lady commented that when she was growing up, her mother forbade her to go outdoors. She was not trying to keep her daughter out of trouble but was trying to keep her skin from getting dark. Brahmins, the priestly caste at the top of the social hierarchy, are considered fair because they traditionally stayed inside, poring over books. The undercaste at the bottom of the ladder are regarded as the darkest hoi polloi because they customarily worked in the searing sun. Ancient Hindu scriptures and modern poetry eulogize women endowed with skin made of white marble.Skin color is closely identi? ed with caste and is laden with symbolism. Pursue any of the grooms and brides wanted ads cat2994X_case2_019-046. indd 25 cat2994X_case2_019-046. indd 25 8/27/10 205 PM 8/27/10 205 PM Part 6 Supplementary Material three-month Home Healthcare Nursing Assistant course catering to young women between the ages of 18 and 30 years. According to HLL, the Fair & Lovely Academy f or Home Care Nursing Assistants removeers a unique training opportunity for young women who possess no entry-level skills and therefore are not employable in the new economy job market.The Fair & Lovely Foundation plans to serve as a gas pedal for the economic empowerment for women across India. The Fair & Lovely Foundation will showcase the achievements of these women not only to honor them but also to set an good example for other women to follow. AIDWAs fight back against ads that convey the message, if she is not fair in color, she wont get married or wont get promoted, also has resulted in some adjustment to fairness cream ads. In revised versions of the fairness cream ads, the get fair to attract a groom theme is being reworked with enhance your selfcon? ence so that a potential groom himself begs for attention. It is an attempt at typifying the modern Indian woman, who has more than just marriage on her mind. Advertising focus is now on the message that lighter skin enabl es women to obtain jobs conventionally held by men. She is career-oriented, has high aspirations, and, at the same time, wants to look good. AIDWA concedes that the authentic crop of television ads for fairness creams are not as demeaning as ones in the past. However, it remains against the product as the president of AIDWA stated, It is downright racist to denigrate dark skin. Although AIWDAs press against fairness creams seems to have had a modest impact on changing the advertising message, it has not slowed the demand for fairness creams. Sales of Fair & Lovely, for example, have been growing 15 to 20 percent year over year, and the $318 million market for skin care has grown by 42. 7 percent in the last three years. Says Euromonitor International, a research ? rm Half of the skin care market in India is fairness creams and 60 to 65 percent of Indian women use these products daily. Recently, several Indian companies were extending their marketing of fairness creams beyond urba n and rural markets.CavinKares launch of Fairever, a fairness cream in a small sachet pack priced at Rs 5, aimed at rural markets where some 320 million Indians reside. Most marketers have found rural markets impossible to cross pro? tably due to low income levels and inadequate distribution systems, among other problems. However, HLL is approaching the market through Project Shakti, a rural initiative that targets small villages with populations of 2,000 people or less. It empowers underprivileged rural women by providing income-generating opportunities to sell small, lower priced packets of its brands in villages.Special packaging for the rural market was designed to provide single-use sachet packets at 50 paise for a sachet of shampoo to Rs 5 for a fairness cream (for a weeks usage). The aim is to have 100,000 Shakti Ammas, as they are called, spread across 500,000 villages in India by year end. CavinKare is growing at 25 percent in rural areas compared with 15 percent in urban centers. In plus to expanding market effort into rural markets, an unexpected market arose when a research study revealed Indian men were applying girlie fairness potions in drovesbut on the sly.It was estimated that 40 percent of boyfriends/husbands of girlfriends/wives were applying white magic solutions that came in little tubes. Indian companies spotted a business opportunity, and Fair & Handsome, Menz Active, Fair One Man, and a male discolourise called Saka were introduced to the male market. The sector expanded dramatically when Shah Rukh Khan, a highly acclaimed annotateing on the cultural bias toward fair skin, one critic states, There are attractive people who go through life feeling inferior to their fairer sisters.And all because of charming grandmothers and aunts who do not hesitate to make un? attering comparisons. Kalee Kalooti is an oft-heard comment about women who glide by to have darker skin. They get humiliated and morti? ed over the color of their skin, a fa ct over which they have no control. Are societal values responsible? Or advertising campaigns? Advertising moguls claim they only re? ect prevailing attitudes in India. This is possibly true but what about ethics in advertising? Is it correct to make advertisements that openly denigrate a majority of Indian peoplethe dark-skinned populace?The advertising is blatant in their strategy. handle anyone who is not the right color and shoot down their self-image. A dermatologist comments, law obtained with the help of creams is short-lived. The main reason being, most of these creams contain a true amount of bleaching agent, which whitens facial hair, and not the skin, which leads people to believe that the cream worked. Furthermore, In India the popularity of a product depends totally on the success of its advertising. HLL launched its television ad campaign to promote Fair & Lovely but withdrew it after four months amid severe criticism for its portrayal of women. Activists argued that one of the messages the company sends through its air hostess ads demonstrating the orientation for a son who would be able to take on the ? nancial responsibility for his parents is especially harmful in a country such as India where sex discrimination is rampant. Another offense is perpetuating a culture of discrimination in a society where fair is synonymous with beautiful. AIDWA (All India Womens Democratic Association) lodged a sickness at the time with HLL about their offensive ads, but Hindustan Lever failed to respond. The womens association then appealed to the National Human Rights Commission alleging that the ad demeaned women. AIDWA objected to three things (1) the ads were racist, (2) they were promoting son preference, and (3) they were insulting to working women. The way they represent the young woman who, after using Fair & Lovely, became attractive and therefore lands a job suggested that the main quali? ation for a woman to get a job is the way she looks. The Human Rights Commission passed AIDWAs complaints on to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, which said the campaign violated the Cable and goggle box Network Act of 1995provisions in the act state that no advertisement shall be permitted which derides any race, caste, color, creed and nationality and that Women must not be portrayed in a manner that emphasized passive, submissive qualities and encourages them to play a subordinate secondary role in the family and society. The government issued notices of the complaints to HLL.After a year-long campaign led by the AIDWA, Hindustan Lever Limited discontinued two of its television advertisements for Fair & Lovely fairness cold cream. Shortly after pulling its ads off the air, HLL launched its Fair & Lovely Foundation, vowing to encourage economic empowerment of women across India by providing resources in education and business to millions of women who, though immensely talented and capable, need a guiding hand to help them take the leap forward, presumably into a fairer future. HLL sponsored career fairs in over 20 cities across the country offering focussing in as many as 110 careers.It supported 100 rural scholarships for women students passing their 10th grade, a professional course for aspiring beauticians, and a cat2994X_case2_019-046. indd 26 cat2994X_case2_019-046. indd 26 8/27/10 205 PM 8/27/10 205 PM Cases 2 The Cultural milieu of Global Marketing 2. Is it ethical to exploit cultural norms and values to promote a product? Discuss. 3. Is the advertising of Fair & Lovely demeaning to women, or is it promoting the fairness cream in a way not too dissimilar from how most cosmetics are promoted? 4. Will HLLs Fair & Lovely Foundation be enough to counter charges made by AIDWA?Discuss. 5. In light of AIDWAs charges, how would you suggest Fair & Lovely promote its product? Discuss. Would your response be different if Fairever continued to use fairness as a theme of its promotion? Discuss. 6. P ropose a promotion/marketing program that will counter all the arguments and charges against Fair & Lovely and be an effective program. 7. Now that a male market for fairness cream exists, is the strength of AIDWAs argument weakened? 8. Comment on using Shakti Ammas to introduce fairness cream for the masses in light of AIDWAs charges.Sources Nicole Leistikow, Indian Women Criticize Fair and Lovely Ideal, Womens eNews , April 28, 2003 Arundhati Parmar, Objections to Indian Ad Not Taken Lightly, Marketing News , June 9, 2003, p. 4 Fair & Lovely Launches Foundation to Promote Economic Empowerment of Women, press release, Fair & Lovely Foundation, http// www. hll. com (search for foundation), March 11, 2003 Rina Chandran, All for SelfControl, Business Line (The Hindu), April 24, 2003 Khozem Merchant and Edward Luce, Not So Fair and Lovely, Financial Times , March 19, 2003 Fair & Lovely Rede? es Fairness with Multivitamin Total Fairness Cream, press release, Hindustan Lever Ltd. , May 3 , 2005 Dr. Deepa Kanchankoti, Do You Think Fairness Creams Work? http//www. mid-day. com/metro, July 13, 2005 CavinKare Launches Small Sachet Packs, Business India , celestial latitude 7, 2006 Analysis of Skin Care Advertising on TV During JanuaryAugust 2006, Indiantelevision. com Media, Advertising, Marketing Watch, October 17, 2006 Women Power Gets Full Play in CavinKares Brand Strategy. The Economic Times (New Delhi, India), December 8, 2006 Heather Timmons, Telling Indias Modern Women They Have Power, Even Over Their Skin Tone, The New York Times , May 30, 2007 The Year We Almost Lost improbable (or Short or Medium-Height), Dark and Handsome, The Hindustan Times , December 29, 2007 Indias Hue and Cry Over Paler Skin, The Sunday Telegraph (London), July 1, 2007 Fair and Lovely? University Wire , June 4, 2007 The zip to Keep up with Modern India, Media, June 29, 2007 Aneel Karnani, Doing Well by Doing GoodCase Study Fair & Lovely Whitening Cream, Strategic Management Journal 2 8, no. 3 (2007), pp. 135157. Bollywood actor likened to an Indian Tom Cruise, decided to endorse Fair & Handsome. Euromonitor International forecasts that in the next ? ve years, spending on mens preparedness products will rise 24 percent to 14. 5 billion rupees, or US$320 million. A recent product review in www. mouthshut. com, p nominates Fair & Lovely fairness cream Fair & Lovely contains fairness vitamins which penetrate deep down our skin to give us radiant fairness. I dont know if it can change the skin color from dark to fair, but my personal experience is that it works very well, if you have a naturally fair color and want to preserve it without much headache. I think Riya Sen has the best skin right now in Bollywood. It appears to be really prosperous and tender. So, to have a soft and fair skin like her I recommend Fair & Lovely Fairness Lotion or Cream. Yet skin color isnt a proof of greatness. Those with wheatish or dark skin are by no way inferior to those who have fair skin. Here are a a few(prenominal) facts from Hindustan Lever Ltd. s homepage Lever Limited is Indias largest Packaged Mass Consumption Goods Company. We are leaders in Home and Personal Care Products and nutriment and Beverages including such products as Ponds and Pepsodent. We seek to meet everyday needs of people everywhereto anticipate the aspirations of our consumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with branded products and services which raise the quality of life. It is this purpose which inspires us to build brands. Over the past 70 years, we have introduced about 110 brands. Fair & Lovely has been specially designed and proven to eliver one to three shades of change in most people. Also its sunscreen system is specially optimized for Indian skin. Indian skin, unlike Caucasian skin, tends to tan rather than burn and, hence, requires a different combination of UVA and UVB sunscreens. You may want to visit HLLs homepage (www. hhl. com) for addi tional information about the company. QUESTIONS 1. Is it ethical to sell a product that is, at best, only mildly effective? Discuss. cat2994X_case2_019-046. indd 27 cat2994X_case2_019-046. indd 27 8/27/10 205 PM 8/27/10 205 PM

Role of Management Accounting in International Firm

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING Sources 1) Financial knowledge enables central control to determine what is happening in polar subsidiaries. That enable the integration and control of subsidiaries by the central control. (Belkauoi, 1991) 2) Management accounting involvement in currency management is also important as the fluctuations in the ex stir rate can distort the financial results of the subsidiaries. (Eiteman, Stonehill and Moffet, 1992). ) Management accounting is a means of co-ordinating established word forms and its form depends on the strategies a firm adopts for configuration and co-ordination (Tomkins, 1991) 4) Study by Biles and Assada (1991) investigated how the Nipponese and American ownership firms evaluated the performance of their subsidiaries. The US firms frequently used financial ratios for performance measurement. ROI was by far most important, whereas Japanese firms pay more attention to individual line-items in the budget such as sales volume and production cost s. ) Horovitz(1978) compared management controls between UK, French and German firms. He concluded that German and French firms tend to be more centralized than the UK firms. The control systems of German and French companies were more detailed than that of UK firms. 6) Holzer and Schonfelt (1986) illustrated that accounting systems of major(ip) European and US firms differ greatly and, although supranationalisation affects their management accounting systems, it does not do so in a linear fashion. Factors 1) Configuration. ) Strategy. 3) Ownership of the firm. situation OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN INTERNATIONAL FIRM The international firms have disperse configuration as their activities in the value chain are fete throughout the world. Therefore, the international firms use management accounting to co-ordinate and integrate their activities in different countries. The utilisation and scope of management accounting differs in international firms depending upon the relationship b etween their subsidiaries and the strategy of their top management. Porter 1986) classified international firms into the global firms, the multidomestic firms and the exporting firms. Both global and multidomestic firms have dispersed configuration besides the former is an integrated unit whereas the latter is a conglomerate that achieves control by making its subsidiaries as independent of each other as possible. In a global firm, management accounting supports a dispersed configuration of the value chain located across the world. The output of one subsidiary is an insert of other subsidiary located in a different country.The dispersed location of subsidiaries call for extensive co-ordination and central management intervention in the personal business of the subsidiaries. By focusing on global product-line profitability, the central management can use management accounting to establish an integrated organization. Various operations the like production, sales, R&D are positione d globally according to specific locational advantage and they are integrated through extensive planning and budgeting activities.Management accounting in an international firm is a finely tuned information mechanism. In contrast, there is little integration of subsidiaries in a multidomestic firma as they usually operate in different businesses. Therefore, they are relatively free to devise their own strategies and plans and to monitor their progress towards them. Central management monitors subsidiaries from a portfolio management perspective which evaluates subsidiaries erectly on financial rates of profitability.Management accounting role in multidomestic firms is setting financial targets for sudsidaries and evaluating their performance using composite financial ratios like ROI( Return on investment), ROA (Return on assets) , RI (residual income) and ROE ( return on equity). There is little emphasis on information which integrates activities across subsidiaries. International firms are exposed to exchange rates fluctuation risks. These fluctuations creates uncertain cash flows in corporate currency and also can distort the performance of subsidiaries (Eiteman, Stonehill and Moffet, 1992).Therefore, the management accounting manage the currency risks in the international firms by monitoring the short-term transaction motion picture to debtors and creditors, medium term budgeting of international cash flows and long term strategic currency and exposure concerns over the firms strategic planning period. Management accounting uses transfer pricing between subsidiaries in different countries in order to increase international firms after-tax global profits. Through transfer pricing firms may divert profits to regions where taxes are low (Radebaugh and Gray, 1993).The threat of this puts pressure on host governments to make and adminstor tax laws that benefits the firm. However, the firms seek to be as independent of the individual location as is possible, t o minimize the political risks such as change in government causing substantial changes in host countrys economic policies. The management accounting plays a key and wide role in international firms. The information technology is improving and becoming cheap with the passage of time. That will further deepen the role of management accounting in the international firms.According to Belkauoi (1991), the financial knowledge resulting from management accounting has enabled the integration and control of dispersedly configured firms by the central control. The global firm is characterized by its large geographical reach and the considerable interdependence between its subsidiaries. Global firm uses management accounting to integrate its activities across the globe. On other hand, the multidomestic firms subsidiaries are quite independent in their activities.

Caring for children and young people Essay

Childrens figure 1989, 2004Section 3 (1) in this turn of events bootal business means all rights, duties, power, responsibilities and authority which by law a put forward or a baby has in relation to the tiddler and their property. Childrens cloak 1989, describes how local authorities should carry out their responsibilities in relation to palm planning, placement and case review for looked after electric s trancerren. These responsibilities are designed to support the local authority in its primary duty set out in section 22(3) of the 1989 Act to safeguard and promote the welfare of the looked after nipper and to live up to as good corporate raises to enable each looked after peasant to achieve his/her full potential in life.A key principle of the 1989 Act is that tikeren are best looked after inwardly their families, with their parents playing a full rive in their lives, unless compulsory intervention in family life is necessary.Children in addressThis is where the local authority has gone to court for a burster value, commonly against a parents wishes. The local authority whitethorn place the minor with relatives, with foster carers or in a community (or residential) home until he/shes 18 years old or the court end the order. Under the Children Act 1989 a council depose apply for a care order if it believes a child is suffering or at risk of suffering signifi throw outt harm. If you agree to your child becoming looked after and there is no care order, youll continue to hasten parental certificate of indebtedness for your child. Children are put into care be trend their parents pretermit to show responsibility for them, or they are under the influence of drugs/alcohol and fuck appear abusive and a threat to the childs life. Legal duties under the children act 1989Child appreciatement order (sec 43) under which the child can be seen and assessed, It must only be requested if the applicant has reason to believe that the child is p resumable to suffer significant harm or that an sound judgement isrequired to determine if the child is likely to suffer significant harm. Emergency aegis order (sec 44) under which the child can be kept in, or removed to, a particular place (hospital or home). The court pass on only compress the order further if its believed a child is likely in danger and harm, and that the order is both necessary and proportionate to the level of risk present to the child. A care or supervision order (sec 31) the LA can decide where the child is to live until he/she is 18 years old. The LA has 3 duties towards the child under the SO to advise, befriend and assist the child, to take steps that are necessary to give the order full effect and if the order is non followed then to consider whether to vary the order, attach requirements to it or even substitute it for a care order. Sometimes the children whitethorn not be taken into care, except you may have to be supervised by Social Services fo r a while to make sure the children are well cared for, this is cal conduct a charge Order The foster placement regulations 1991The child must be visited regularly in the foster home officer by a local authority. cling to parents must give k at a timeledge about their health, accommodation, religion and cultural background and capacity to care for a child of a particular racial/ heathen origin, culture or linguistic background. Children in foster care deserve to be treated as a good parent would treat their consume children and to have the opportunity for as full an experience of family life and childhood as possible, without unnecessary restrictions.Parental reasonsParental reasons can lead a child to be put in foster care the reasons are as followed Family related reasonsThe main factor and reason children normally go into foster care is based on their family. Their family may experience financial problems, where they cant take responsibility for their child nor provide food a nd support for them. In any(prenominal) cases, a parent may be very ill and unable to work or care for a child. The wipeout of a parent may also make it difficult for the other parent to provide the care a child unavoidably. Parents who are in incarcerated may lose custody of their children until they have served their sentences. Suspected crySuspected vitiate can embroil physical and sexual tread. Physical abuse usually means to the extreme, where bruising is left on a child and numerous attempts to admirer a family learn alternative means of disciple have failed, and sexual abuse can include persuading or forcing a child to take part in sexual activities, or encouraging a child to behave in sexually in remove ship canal. whatsoever forms of this in household, social services volition get involved and remove the child from the house and put them into care.BereavementThough rare, as there is usually family available to care for a child after the death of a parent, there ha ve been cases when children do enter foster care after the death of a parent.MaltreatmentChild maltreatment, sometimes referred to as child abuse and neglect, includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the childs health, development or dignity, this will lead the child to going into care.Loss of parentA loss of parent to a child, leaves a child with no adult responsibility, if under the age of 18, therefore this child will be taking into care to be mightily looked after. Child or schoolgirlish person related e.g. health problems, learning difficulties, as a result of committing an offence Parental illnessA parent being physically and mentally ill, will result to them not raising their child with full responsibility, from having lack of responsibility and full control all over themselves, if this is spy by social services they will make the decision to place the child in a better place.Behavioural problemsThe child can have behaviour problems to an extent (anger management) where their parents arent able to handle them properly and they are out of hand, the parents can seek help elsewhere too, but care can also be an option.Jamie Bulger caseRobert Thompson and Jon Venables became Britains most notorious child killers in 1993 after murdering the two year old James Bulger. Outrage cancelled to shock when photographs of the two 10 year olds were released, showing a pair of frightened children. The two friends were both from broken homes. Robert Thompson who was described as quiet up to now friendly, came from a disfunctional family in which both parents were heavy drinkers and his six brothers fought constantly even threatening to knife each other. His father, who beat and sexually ill-treat his wife and children, left the family when the Thompson was five. Pass Two- outline the ar melt downments for providing quality care for looked after children and youn g people The convention on the rights of the child 1989The United Nations office of the high commissioner for gentleman rights (UNCHR) based in Geneva, Switzerland. Under the term of the convention, a child under the age of 18. The section 54 articles in the convention explain the rights given to children in countries that have signed the convention. Governments have a responsibility to take all available measures to make sure childrens rights are respected, protected and fulfilled. deflower barbPeter Connelly was a 17 month year old British boy who died n London after suffering more than fifty injuries over an eight month period, during which he was repeatedly seen by Haringey childrens services and NHS health professionals In November, Connellys new boyfriend, Steven Barker, moved in with her. In December, a GP noticed bruises on Peters face and chest. His mother was arrested and Peter was put into the care of a family friend, but returned home to his mothers care in January 20 07. Injuries to Baby Peters face and hands are missed by a social worker after the boy is deliberately smeared with chocolate to hide them. On the 3rd of august 2007, Baby Peter was found dead in his cot, Dr Jerome Ikwueke, a GP who saw Baby Peter 14 times before his death, is suspended by the General Medical Council. Two social workers, who dealt with Baby Peter, Gillie Christou and Maria Ward, lose their lease for unfair dismissal. They had argued they were sacked unfairly by Haringey Council following his death, but a tribunal found the authority acted reasonably because of failings in the care theyprovided. Baby P was neglected, social workers and doctors failed to take authorities when clear evidence, showed he was in danger. The common assessment frameworkThe common assessment framework is a key part of delivering frontline services that are integrated and focused around the needs of children and young people. It is a standardised advent used by practitioners to assess chil drens supernumerary needs and decide how these should be met. The CAF should be offered to children who have additional needs to those being met by universal services. Unless a child is presenting a need, it is unlikely the CAF will be offered. The CAF is a four-step process hereby practitioners can identify a childs or young persons needs early, assess those needs holistically, deliver coordinated services and review progress a practitioner is worried about how well a child or young person is progressing (e.g. concerns about their health, development, welfare, behaviour, progress in learning or any other aspect of their wellbeing) a child or young person, or their parent/carer, raises a concern with a practitioner a childs or young persons needs are unclear, or broader than the practitioners service can addressHamza khanHamza Khan was a 4 year old child who was starved to death by his soaking mother over a period of years. During his life, Hamzah missed a series of appointments a t hospital, with health visitors and GPs, and he did not receive routine immunisations. His mother Amanda Hutton, 43, was jail for 15 years last month after being found guilty of manslaughter. The framework for the assessment of children in needThe framework for the assessment of children in need and their families provides a systematic basis for collecting and analysing information to support professional judgements about how to help children and families in the best interest of the child. In addition, it takes accounting of relevant legislation at the time of publication, but is particularly informed by the requirements of the Children Act 1989, which provides a comprehensive framework for the care and protection of children.The judicial decision Framework involves gathering and analyzing information in three domains Childrens developmental needsParents or caregivers capacity to respond appropriately Impact of the wider family and environmental factors on parenting capacity and children.Pass Three- Explain the factors that would lead to suspicion of child maltreatment or abuse Risk of maltreatmentChild maltreatment, sometimes referred to as child abuse and neglect, includes all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the childs health. When a child is being maltreated a childs rights are compromised and they are not cared for. A risk of maltreatment cause also be from within the family, and this could potential effect the conjure upth of the child. Hamzah KhanHamzah Khans case was showed to portray neglection, he was starved to death and his needs were not recognised devolveNeglect is a form of abuse. It is the persistent failure to meet a childs basic physical and/or psychological needs likely to result in the serious impairment of the childs health or development. When a child does not have what they need to function effectively. They may be deprived of security safely, shelter, warmth, food or love.BullyingThis term is used when someone uses their power or position to intimidate another item-by-item Bullying can be classed as abuse. Bullying can be demonstrated through the physical actions as well as through oral or written actions that lead to mental health and distress issues. Behaviours used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets.AbuseThe word abuse covers a wide range of behaviour. Abuse can be criminal acts of fury or acts of neglect. There are different forms of abuse Physical Sexual Emotional Psychological financial NeglectInstitutional PhysicalPhysical abuse is any intentional and unwanted contact with you or something close to your body. Physical abuse can include, pushing, slapping, chance on to cold and striking with an object. SexualAlso referred to as molestation, is forcing undesired sexual behav iour by one person upon another. This includes being touched in a way you dont like, or youre made to watch someone do something sexual. PsychologicalPsychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person orbiting or exposing another to behaviour that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. InstitutionalInstitutional abuse is the maltreatment of a person from a system of power, this can typically occur in a care home, nursing home or in-patient setting. Financial Financial abuse is one form of control used by domestic violence perpetrators in order to gain power over their partner, and is the most direct way in which domestic violence and financial issues relate to each other. ad hominem hygieneHygiene is a set of practices performed for the preservation of health. Poor hygiene and lack of ego-care can show that a person thinks little of themselves, and can cause skin complaints, unpleasant smells and bacterial or parasitic infections.MalnourishmentMalnutrition is present in the form of under-nutrition, which is caused by a diet lacking adequate calories and protein. Indicators of malnutrition include the person looking thinner than average for their age and height. Extreme undernourishment is starvation, and its symptoms and effects are inanition. Emotional withdrawalA change in childs normal behaviour is often a sign that they are being abused or have been abused. Emotional withdrawal is classified as a lack of emotional connection to others and the inability to communicate this can affect a childs self worth and self esteem, deviation them feeling devalued, and withdrawing themselves from others. BruisingBruising on infants, unexplained bruises, bruises in unusual places (upper arms, hands, ears, neck, buttocks, etc.), and bruises in specific shapes, like a large bite mark, cigarette burn, or belt mark, can be signs of chi ld abuse. Victoria Climbe and Baby P were covered with bruising due to their abusing, which lead them both to death. Pass Four- Explain appropriate responses when child maltreatment or abuse is suspected Behaviour indicatorWithdrawal A child that is being maltreated, will withdraw or isolate themselves from others, even close friends and other family, this is a response from them because they dont want to communicate with anyone. Aggression Aggression is a common response from a chid that is being abused or maltreated. They will become very frustrated and take their anger out on other people. Distress- Children get distressed from abuse they will experience proscribe self identity, which also brings a feeling of worthlessness. Rocking/head banging This is a response from abuse, children will do this as they see it as easing the pain and them being scared will lead them to self harming themselves. Hunger- Starvation could be done by a person to a child, or they could starve thems elves. Reluctance to go home A child will be scared to go home, fearing they will end up acquire the same treatment, which affects their self esteem. Low self esteem Children with low self esteem have been linked to abuse/bullying. They will experience negative self identity and they will feel highly depressed. Development delay Children may have development delays as a result to abuse/maltreatment. They can lack in communication and being ready as a young child, due to abuse not allowing them to be themselves.Consequences of maltreatmentEmotion and physiological dysfunction Psychological problems often manifest as high-risk behaviours, Maltreatment, for example, may make a child more likely to smoke, abuse alcohol or drugs, or overeat. Physical consequences, such as damage to a childs growing consciousness, can have psychological implications, such as emotional difficulties. unsoundness Consequences of maltreatment can affect a childs diet, where they are not malnourished e nough because they are under eating. This will also finally lead a child to being anorexic. Social Inadequacy Children who experience neglect are more likely to develop antisocial traits as they grow up. Mental health- Health and physical effects can include the immediate effects of bruises, broken bones etc, and also long term effects of the brain damage and permanent disabilities. Cognitive abilities (intellectual) Some studies find evidence of lowered intellectual and cognitive functioning in abused children as compared to children who have not been abused. They will have troubles bonding with others. Lack of attachment A child will be more anti, and have lack of trust in others, cause them not to social and get close to anyone. Substance abuse children who have experienced abuse or neglect will smoke cigarettes, abuse alcohol, or take illicit drugs during their lifetime.Safeguard initiativeIs the process of providing protection.Safeguarding personThere must be someone in y our organisation that will take action if there is a concern or allegations made with regards to a child young person. Once you have contacted childrens social care. From this point your concerns are cognize as a Referral. Social workers then have a duty by law to investigate the situation or circumstances that have led to the referral. They will complete an assessment/ child protection investigation in partnership with police and talk to the child/ family and visit home. Child protection conferencesIf the assessment indicates that the child is at risk of harm a child protection conference may be called. Its purpose is toBring together and analyse, in an inter-agency setting, the information that has been obtained about the childs developmental needs, and the parents or carers capacity to respond to these needs Ensure the childs safety and promote the childs health and development within the context of their wider family and environment Decide what future action is required to safe guard and promote the welfare of the child, including the child becoming the subject of a Child Protection Plan.Disclosure and barring serviceThe disclosure and barring service (DBS) helps employers make safer recruitment decisions and prevent unsuitable people from running(a) with vulnerable groups, including children. It replaces the criminal records bureau (CRB) and independent safeguarding authority (ISA). The checking service allows employers to access the criminal record history of people working, or seeking to work, in definite positions, especially those that involve working with children or adults in specific situations. Criminal records bureauCRB disclosures are made under the police act 1997.Child protection policyChildren and young people are victims of different kind of abuse and that they can be subjected to social factors that have an adverse impact upon their lives. Including domestic violence, agency misuse, bullying, child prostitution and ritualistic abuse. Rec ognise its responsibility to safeguarding and promote the welfare of children under 18 within the legal framework of the children act 1989, 2004. Its purpose is to help us to develop a common understanding of child protection issues, develop good practice across the diverse and complex areas in which we function and thereby increase accountability in this crucial aspect of our work.Pass five- Explain the strategies and methods that can be used to support children, young people and their families where abuse is suspected or confirmed Strategies with childrenBeing respectful must be earned it cannot be ordered or demanded, and it can easily be destroyed. Child- centred approach Remember that the child is at the centre and that they are the people who need to be empowered and supported so they can take control of their lives. Providing active support. Support needs to be readily available and practical when people are in need.Policies of the settingIt is important that everyone workin g with children in a care and education setting is aware of, and has read, the policies of the setting. Doing ensures that staff members are at less risk of being accused of abuse or other neglectful things. Procedures needs to be followed to ensure that best practice is put in place and to ensure that setting is running smoothly and that everyone is acting in a accordant manner.Empowering childrenChildren need to understand that they have rights of their own. Empowering children is about giving them information that is reliable, respecting their views, recognising each child and young person is an individual, that they might be exposed to damaging ideas and negative experiences and that this might influence their behaviour and own ideas. This can be achieved by Helping them to understand the boundaries they might come across. Reinforcing issues when they arise in a validatory manner such as turn taking, no pushing, being patient, understanding some children take more time than ot hers to complete tasks, everyone has their own individual ways of completing tasks. Letting them resolve their own conflicts whenever possible. Supporting assertiveness, self-confidence, self-esteem and resilience Children need to be assertive at times and should be encouraged to do so. Supporting assertiveness is essential So that they can stick up for themselves and express their thoughts, feelings and desires with other people. These thoughts feelings and desires are their personal boundaries. As well as bread and butter self- confidence to help them feel good about themselves and the way they see themselves. If a child has confidence then I believe he/she will be more relaxed and happy and not end up in situations they dont want to be in. Children with good self esteem escape to do better and handle situations better than ones with poor self esteem. Sharinginformation, and not keeping secretsEncourage children to have open relationships with people so that they can share, this will allow them to trust other and realise that people can be there for them as much as they didnt think so, source up is a key to having a better life. DevelopmentThose things children need to reach their full potential from education and play to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. near development support will help a child be successful in the future, leading them on the right path. Improving self-imageChildren who have been abused will inevitably have a poor self-image and may need help in developing a more positive view of them, this can be done by going over what they dislike about themselves, and reassuring them, they are the complete opposite. Parenting skillsParenting skills do not always come by nature to people, especially if they were raised in a family situation where those skills were lacking, good parenting skills can include being a positive role model, not telling your child to not do one thing, when you do it yourself, things like reasonable discipline is good enough to being an effective parent. Whistle blowingMany settings have now also adopted a whistle blowing policy so that if any inappropriate behaviour is observed among the staff it can be reported in a appropriate way. Reporting arrangementsThe policy of settings will specify the lines of reporting in cases where abuse is suspected or confirmed. This can support young children as reporting will lead to the situation being solved and the child no longer has to go through that anymore. Security of recordsAll records must be safely and securely stored, and only accessible to those who need to see them in a professional capacity Having an effective access and security program in place will help to ensure that records are available, when appropriate, for useare not subject to unauthorised usecannot be altered, andcannot be inappropriately destroyed.

Jock Culture Essay

In 1975, Robert Lipsyte wrote Jock Culture which was in The Sportsmaster. It didnt appear in The Nation until 2011. Analysis will assure the credibility of the examples used by the author to stage his claims. Robert is a sportswriter and a broadcast journalist who is also known for his young adult novels. He was born in 1938 in the Bronx. Throughout his childhood, he wouldve described himself as a puke. He was bullied and felt like an outcast. He earned his Bachelors degree in English from Columbia University at only 19 years of age. He also received his Masters degree in journalism. When Lipsyte was a reporter and writer for The New York Times, he published to a greater extent than 500 columns, & is the author to nearly 30 books. He became a sports commentator for topic Public Radio, an on-air essayist for CBS and NBC, and was even the host of a public television show, The Eleventh Hour, which he won an Emmy for. To this day, Robert continues to write some(prenominal) nonfiction and fiction work. Basic all toldy, Robert is targeting everyone, both jocks and pukes. Judging by his descriptions of jocks, he assumes none would end up reading this article anyway, so is main focus is puke. Jock Culture glorifies the young, the strong and the beautiful, and Lipsyte gets the tragic implications.Although in his article, he describes himself as a puke, it seems as if he would fit better under the jock section. Given the competitive journalism, he probably owes his succeeder as a sports writer in some measure to his own socialization in Jock Culture or whether his socialization into success in those savage precincts renders him now more sympathetic than he would otherwise be to Jock Culture. He goes on to talk about that there are more than just these 2 categories of people or you can fall under both categories. Boys are taught to be tough, stoical, and aggressive, to play hurt, to hit hard, and to win in every aspect of their lives. Jocks could also be pukes though, they have the jock mentality, and the puke work ethic. They come to work sick, they strive to be the best. It goes to show that there can be more than just the 2 groups. Robertdescribes Jock Culture as a danger to the common good, and a distortion of sports. It is fueled by greed and despairing competition. (pg 350) Jock Culture applies the rules of competitive sports to everything. Its to keep the fear of being known as feminine to the others. You want to be known, overall, as the alpha male, or masculine at least. At a young age, most kids are thrown into peewee sports and classified from then on in that point of their lives, as either a jock or puke. Which is where all the horror starts with Jock Culture.As they grow older, it gets worse, in high school, the jocks are looked up too. As if they run low on a throne or are godlike. This what Robert is trying to explain basically in paragraph 7 and 10. It didnt use to be all bad like this with Jock Culture. Sports were a way of be ing taught leadership, teamwork, responsibility, respect, and bravery. Now, it has run low a cockpit of bullying, violence, and a commitment to the win at all costs attitude. Which is why Robert is pushing to show the dangers of what Jock Culture actually does to people, especially at a young age. Pukes get out casted but grow up and become writers or such while jocks, the in group, grow up to be stockbrokers or the like, because of the competitive culture the jobs come with. Overall, Jock Culture is everywhere, and very unmanageable to steer away from. Its a stupid wasteful destructive madness and theres nothing good in it. Lipsyte is right to be worried about the growing dominance seen starting earlier and earlier in young boys, but he has scarcely begun to scratch the surface of the sanatorium of Jock Culture and the impact it makes on earth, and not only our youth, but our adult population as well.